我们继续学习英语的基础语法:现在完成时(Present Perfect)
现在完成时是英语中一个相当重要的时态,但它给某些语言的使用者带来了一些困难。这是因为它使用了那些语言中不存在的概念或者想法。
事实上,现在完成时的结构非常简单。问题是出在时态的使用上。
此外,英式英语和美式英语在用法上也有一些不同。
The Present Perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the Present Perfect is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.
我们怎样才能使现在完成时态呢?
现在完成时态的结构是这样的:
助动词have在现在时态中通常表示为:have、has。
主要动词在过去分词形式中是不变的:加 -ed(或不规则的)。
对于否定句,我们在助动词和主动词之间加 not。
对于疑问句,我们交换主语和助动词。
请看下面用现在完成时的栗子:
现在完成时一般用缩写(Contraction with Present Perfect):
当我们在说话中使用现在完成时的时候,我们经常收缩主语和助动词。
我们有时也会以非正式的书面形式这样做:
举个栗子:
You’ve told me that before.
John’s seen Harry Potter.
在否定句中,我们可以缩写助动词和“not”,举个栗子:
You haven’t won the contest.
She hasn’t heard from him.
How do we use the Present Perfect tense?
这种时态叫现在完成时。与过去和现在总是有联系的。
我们用现在完成时来谈论:
经历(experience)
变化(change)
持续的状态(continuing situation)
01 现在完成时用来表达经历(Present Perfect for experience)
我们经常用现在完成时来谈论过去的经历。
我们对你什么时候做某事不感兴趣。我们只想知道是不是你干的:
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:
即我们只关注事情的结果与否而不关注事情的过程经历。
与过去的联系:这件事情已经过去。
与现在有关:比如:在我脑海里,现在,我对这件事有一定的了解;我对它有经验。
the event was in the past.
Connection with present:in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.
02 现在完成时用来表达变化(Present Perfect for change)
我们也用现在完成时来谈论一个变化,或者新的信息:
与过去的联系:过去与现在相反
与现在的联系:现在是过去的对立面
Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present
Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past
03 现在完成时用来表达持续的状态(Present Perfect for continuing situation)
我们经常用现在完成时来谈论正在进行的情况。
这个事情在过去发生并持续到现在(可能还会持续到未来)。
这是一种状况并非一个行为。
我们通常在这个结构里用 for 或者 since 来表达。
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a situation (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.
与过去的联系:情况始于过去。
与现在有关:目前情况仍在继续。
Connection with past: the situation started in the past.
Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.
For 和 Since 与现在完成时联用(For and Since with Present Perfect tense)
我们经常用 for 和since与现在完成时联用:
我们用for来谈论一段时间:five minutes, two weeks, six years.
我们用since谈论过去时间的某一点:9 o’clock, 1st January, Monday
请看下面栗子,与现在完成时态一起使用 for 和 since:
I have been here for twenty minutes.
I have been here since 9 o’clock.
John hasn’t called for six months.
John hasn’t called since February.
He has worked in New York for a long time.
He has worked in New York since he left school.
总结
现在完成时,用于表达经历(过去发生,现在的回忆)、变化(过去无现在有~过去有现在无)、持续的状态(过去发生,现在继续,甚至可能持续下去)