讯阳文艺网摘 要：“发展学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”是新课程标准对英语学科核心素养培养提出的具体要求。定语从句缩略是中学生英语学习的重点和难点。教师应引导学生理解这一重点，以活学活用的方式突破难点，提升学生的学科核心素养。本文中，笔者结合新课程标准和教材，从“缩、略和缩略”三个方面对这一语言规则进行了分析。
关键词：定语从句；缩略；高中英语；难点探究
引 言
定语从句“缩略”的含义可以从三个方面来理解。顾名思义，一是定语从句的“缩”，即将原句变短；二是定语从句的“略”，是指将原句中的关系代词省略；三是定语从句的“缩略”，是指将定语从句做定语，转换成其他语言形式做定语[1]。原句虽经过“缩”“略”或“缩略”，但句意不受影响。在语法上，我们习惯称这一语言现象为定语从句的缩略。
一般来说，运用定语从句的缩略能够丰富表达形式，提高阅读速度，提升阅读理解能力，有利于提高综合语言表达能力，能够“发展学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”[2]，从而落实新课程标准对英语学科核心素养培养提出的具体要求。
一、定语从句“缩”的探究
观察、比较下列例句，探究定语从句“缩”的用法。
（1）I met a man who（m） my grandfather worked with 30 years ago.
（2）The man who（m）I am thinking of invented the first real clock.
【归纳】
在上述例句中，whom 引导定语从句时，可用who 来替代，在表达形式上进行“缩”。
二、定语从句“略”的探究
观察、比较下列例句，探究定语从句“略”的用法。
（1）I met a man （who）my grandfather worked with 30 years ago.
（2）I wanted visited the house （which / that）my grandparents lived in.
【归纳】
在上述例句中，当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略，在表达或书写形式上称为“略”。
三、定语从句“缩略”的探究
观察、比较下列例句，探究定语从句“缩略”的用法。
（1）A picture which dates from 118 BC has been found.
A picture dating from 118 BC has been found.
（2）The Three Gorges Dam is a hydro-electric project, which has brought an end to the danger of flooding.
The Three Gorges Dam is a hydro-electric project, having brought an end to the danger of flooding.
（3）They came from a village, which was submerged in the reservoir.
They came from a village, submerged in the reservoir.
（4）They were on a visit that was organized by the government.
They were on a visit organized by the government.
（5）The river, which is the third longest in the world, is an absolutely beautiful place to visit.
The river, the third longest in the world,is an absolutely beautiful place to visit.
（6）The dam will generate electricity which is equal to about 40 million tons of coal without causing so much air pollution.
The dam will generate electricity equal to about 40 million tons of coal without causing so much air pollution.
（7）The valley is now part of the reservoir created by the Three Gorges Dam.
The valley is now part of the reservoir which was created by the Three Gorges Dam.
（8）The people living in the village have moved to other places.
The people who lived in the village have moved to other places.
（9）The World Trade Center twin towers, destroyed in September 2001, were 417 and 415 meters high.
The World Trade Center twin towers, which were destroyed in September 2001, were 417 and 415 meters high.
（10）The Grand Canal, the world oldest and longest canal, was built in the fifth century BC.
The Grand Canal, which is the world oldest and longest canal, was built in the fifth century BC.
【归纳】
第一，当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，可将从句做定语变为分词或分词短语做定语。从句是主动语态时，用现在分词做定语，如例句（1）（2）；从句是被动语态时，用过去分词做定语，如例句（3）（4）。第二，当关系代词在定语从句中做主语，且从句谓语为系表结构时，可将从句做定语变为名词或形容词短语补充或说明原定语从句的先行词，如例句（5）（6）。当从句为非限定性定语从句时，名词或形容词短语相当于同位语，如例句（5）。第三，分词或分词短语做定语可以转换为定语从句做定语，如例句（7）（8）（9）。第四，起补充或说明作用的同位语可以转换为非限定性定语从句，如例句（10）。
结 语
总之，只要引导学生通过观察、发现、比较、归纳和训练，把握定语从句“缩略”的语法规则，活学活用定语从句的“缩略”，就能通过学习方式的改变，培养学生的学科核心素养，提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的综合语言运用能力。
